Tesla and Human Rights: Addressing Supply Chain Controversies

Tesla and Human Rights: Addressing Supply Chain Controversies

Tesla, the electric car manufacturer synonymous with Elon Musk, green energy, and futuristic automation, has recently found itself in the crosshairs of human rights concerns. From the growing demands of shareholders to serious allegations surrounding suppliers, the company’s image is at risk of being tarnished. But what exactly are these allegations, and how is Tesla responding to them?

Glencore and the Supply Chain Dilemma

In June 2023, The Verge reported that Tesla’s major supplier, Glencore, was facing allegations of human rights abuses tied to its battery mineral mining operations (source). Battery minerals, particularly cobalt, are crucial for the production of electric vehicle batteries, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is one of the world’s largest suppliers.

The issue lies in the extraction process. There have been numerous reports over the years detailing the perilous working conditions in some mines, especially those that are not mechanized. Many of these mines employ children, who work in dangerous conditions with little to no safety equipment. The association of Tesla with a supplier alleged to partake in these abuses is, understandably, a concern for many, especially given Tesla’s self-proclaimed mission to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy.

Shareholders Raise Their Voice

Concerns about the supply chain aren’t just from external observers. In May 2023, CleanTechnica reported that Tesla shareholders themselves were raising concerns over child and forced labor rights (source). The shareholders’ demand for transparency and action highlights an increasingly conscious business environment where corporate social responsibility isn’t just a catchphrase but a key factor in investment decisions.

The demand from shareholders isn’t solely about ethical concerns; it’s also about business sustainability. Human rights abuses in the supply chain can lead to disruptions, regulatory actions, and significant brand damage. In the age of socially conscious investing and heightened scrutiny from the public and regulators alike, ensuring a clean supply chain isn’t just the right thing to do—it’s smart business.

Tesla’s Response and The Road Ahead

As with any controversy, response and remedial action are key. Companies in the past, facing similar allegations, have taken steps ranging from complete denial to overhauling their entire supply chain. It’s important for Tesla, a leader in the electric vehicle market with a global presence, to take a stance that is both ethically and operationally sound.

Tesla has, in the past, emphasized its commitment to responsible sourcing. The company has also indicated that it is working on reducing, and eventually eliminating, cobalt from its batteries. Such a move would not only potentially alleviate some of the human rights concerns but also make the batteries less expensive to produce. But until that technological shift happens, the onus is on Tesla to ensure its current supply chain is free from abuses.

The Larger Industry Perspective

While Tesla remains in the spotlight given its market prominence and brand recognition, it’s essential to understand that the electric vehicle (EV) industry as a whole grapples with these challenges. The surge in demand for EVs, driven by increasing environmental awareness and governmental incentives, has amplified the demand for battery minerals. This rise correlates directly with the mining operations in regions with dubious labor practices.

However, what sets Tesla apart and puts it under greater scrutiny is its pronounced commitment to sustainability. For a brand that is synonymous with a green future and environmentally-friendly products, any deviation, even indirectly, from these principles can have amplified repercussions. It’s a tightrope that not just Tesla, but all major brands with a significant public image, walk on.

The Role of Regulatory Bodies and International Cooperation

It isn’t just the responsibility of corporations to ensure ethical sourcing; regulatory bodies play a crucial role too. Governments worldwide can and should impose stricter regulations on import practices, emphasizing transparency and ethical sourcing. The introduction of such regulations will not only ensure cleaner supply chains but also level the playing field, so companies that invest in ethical practices aren’t undercut by those that do not.

International bodies, such as the United Nations, can also play a part by facilitating dialogue and cooperation among nations to address these shared challenges. Creating a framework for responsible sourcing at an international level can be a game-changer for industries reliant on global supply chains.

Public Sentiment and Consumer Responsibility

In the age of information, consumers wield significant power. Public sentiment can drive corporate decision-making, and in many instances, force companies to adopt practices that they might otherwise overlook. Consumers, by being conscious of where they spend their money and by voicing their concerns, can be significant drivers of change.

For Tesla and other brands, feedback from their customer base, especially when amplified via social media and other platforms, can dictate corporate policies. It’s a symbiotic relationship, wherein companies need to listen to their consumers, and consumers need to be more informed and vocal about their concerns.

Final Thoughts

As the world stands on the cusp of a transportation revolution, with electric vehicles at the forefront, the challenges posed by supply chain ethics cannot be ignored. Tesla’s current predicament serves as a lesson for all: that technological advancements and ethical considerations must go hand in hand.

It’s not just about creating a sustainable planet in terms of energy but also in terms of humanity. As we race towards a future of clean energy, we must ensure that the path we carve is not tainted by the very issues we seek to alleviate. Tesla’s journey in addressing these challenges will be emblematic of the industry’s trajectory in the coming years. One can only hope that it sets a precedent of responsibility, transparency, and unwavering commitment to human rights.

Security for Human Rights Workers

Human rights workers may face risks to their security depending on where they work. Working in conflict areas or in areas where the authorities or armed groups do not condone human rights work may be particular risky areas for human rights workers.

Human rights workers may prepare themselves by taking courses such as hostile environment awareness training or using seeking information on sites such as Newtactics.org

Digital security is also an important part of security for human rights workers. A high level of digital security will assist in ensuring the confidentiality of the human rights workers’ work and partners. Good ressources on this can be found here:

Frontline Defenders

Activists Rights

Classic Human Rights Texts Everyone Should Know

Classic Human Rights Texts Everyone Should Know

Classic human rights texts are the foundation upon which our global understanding of dignity, liberty, and justice has been built. Over centuries, thinkers, revolutionaries, governments, and organizations have expressed the inherent rights of human beings in pivotal documents. Whether you are a student, advocate, or simply a global citizen, discovering these texts is essential for understanding not just international law but the evolution of justice and equality. Here, we will explore the significance, origins, and enduring impact of the most influential human rights documents in history.

The Importance of Classic Human Rights Texts

Why do these texts matter so much? At their core, they enshrine the fundamental principles that protect individuals from tyranny and abuse. These documents have motivated social movements, established legal standards, and inspired countless people to fight for a better world. They are also a lens through which to view humanity’s progress—and sometimes regress—in the ongoing struggle for universal rights.

The Magna Carta: The Medieval Root of Individual Rights

The journey towards modern human rights began long before the 20th century. The Magna Carta, written in 1215, marked a turning point. Emerging from a tense standoff between King John of England and his barons, this charter limited the power of the monarchy. While its original aim was to safeguard feudal rights, it introduced the revolutionary idea that rulers could be bound by the law. Its famous clause—“no free man shall be…imprisoned or exiled…except by the lawful judgment of his peers”—is regarded as a precursor to the right to due process.

The English Bill of Rights and the American Declaration of Independence

Next in the journey are two foundational documents from the 17th and 18th centuries. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 established parliamentary sovereignty and codified basic civil liberties, such as the right to a fair trial and freedom from cruel punishment. Half a century later, across the Atlantic, the American Declaration of Independence (1776) voiced the claim that “all men are created equal” and endowed with “unalienable Rights.” While far from perfect, given its exclusions, it powerfully stated that government’s legitimacy hinges on the protection of these rights.

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Revolution swept Europe in the late 18th century, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) became a rallying cry. Rooted in Enlightenment values, its bold articles asserted liberty, property, security, and “resistance to oppression” as fundamental. It also confirmed the principle of equality before the law. Though initially limited in practice to men, its spirit continued to influence both political reforms and social justice movements worldwide.

Focus on Classic Human Rights Texts: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

One of the most influential classic human rights texts ever created is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, in the aftermath of the Second World War, the UDHR set a global standard. For the first time, nations agreed upon a comprehensive list of rights—from freedom of speech and religion to the right to education, work, and an adequate standard of living. While it is not legally binding, it has inspired the constitutions of many countries and is often cited by international courts, NGOs, and civil society as the ultimate measure of human rights standards.

Other Seminal Human Rights Documents

The evolution of these classic human rights texts did not stop with the UDHR. Several other key conventions and treaties have since elaborated on and protected these rights in more specific ways:

– The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (1950): This legal text gave individuals for the first time the ability to bring cases before an international court—the European Court of Human Rights—if their government violated their basic rights.

– International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (1966): These two treaties expanded on the UDHR’s articles, committing signatory states to respecting and upholding both civil-political and socio-economic rights.

– Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979): This convention specifically focuses on women’s rights and gender equality, reflecting the growing awareness of intersectional and minority rights.

– Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989): Here, the global community acknowledged that children, too, are entitled to special care and protection. The CRC outlines rights regarding health, education, and protection from exploitation.

Why Knowledge of Classic Human Rights Texts Matters Today

Familiarity with these documents is critical for anyone involved in human rights work or advocacy. They provide not only historical context but also practical guidance on what the international community has agreed constitutes basic rights. Knowledge empowers activists, lawyers, and citizens to hold governments accountable, challenge injustice, and promote reforms.

In an age where human rights remain under threat in many regions, understanding classic human rights texts is more important than ever. These documents remind us that rights are not granted by particular leaders or governments—they are inherent to all human beings. As we celebrate progress, recognize shortcomings, and strive for a just society, these texts continue to inspire action, dialogue, and hope.

How to Engage with Classic Human Rights Texts

Studying these foundational documents can start with accessible translations and educational resources, many of which are available online. Legal scholars and NGOs often provide commentary to explain their context and relevance. Joining reading groups, participating in seminars, or getting involved with human rights organizations can help deepen your understanding and apply these principles to current global issues.

Conclusion

Classic human rights texts form the bedrock of the global movement for dignity, freedom, and justice. Their words continue to echo around the world—reminding us of past struggles and pointing the way to a better future. Whether you aspire to advocacy or simply wish to be a more informed citizen, delving into these documents is a necessary and rewarding journey.

Essential Human Rights Books for Students and Activists

Essential Human Rights Books for Students and Activists: Building Knowledge and Inspiring Change

Essential human rights books for students and activists are not merely educational tools—they are catalysts for understanding complex social issues and fostering global citizenship. As human rights concerns increasingly make headlines worldwide, it has become more important than ever for both students and activists to deepen their knowledge through critical literature. Whether you’re just beginning to explore the landscape of rights advocacy or you’re a seasoned campaigner searching for comprehensive resources, this curated list of must-read books is designed to inform, inspire, and empower readers to take meaningful action.

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Why Read Human Rights Literature?

Delving into essential human rights books for students and activists provides a strong foundation for understanding legal frameworks, historical struggles, and contemporary challenges in the realm of rights protection. Literature not only presents facts but also conveys the lived experiences of individuals who have fought for justice and equality. By engaging with diverse authors and perspectives, readers become more effective advocates capable of nuanced and empathetic action.

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Must-Read Foundational Texts

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – United Nations

Although not a book per se, the UDHR is the bedrock upon which most modern human rights conversations are built. Every student and activist should be familiar with this landmark document, adopted in 1948, which articulates the fundamental rights and freedoms entitled to every person.

2. “The International Human Rights Movement: A History” by Aryeh Neier

Neier, a distinguished human rights advocate, chronicles the development of the global human rights movement from the aftermath of World War II to today. The book offers compelling personal accounts and critical insights into the evolution of advocacy efforts, helping readers understand the broader historical context.

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Recommended Books on Civil Rights and Social Justice

3. “Long Walk to Freedom” by Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela’s autobiography explores South Africa’s struggle against apartheid and one leader’s vision for reconciliation and justice. This book is indispensable for understanding not only the fight against institutionalized racism but also the resilience and moral fortitude necessary for substantial social change.

4. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr.

A powerful primary text, King’s letter eloquently articulates the philosophical underpinnings of nonviolent resistance. It’s a concise yet profound exploration of justice, civil disobedience, and the interconnectedness of all communities—essential reading for anyone committed to advocacy.

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Essential Human Rights Books for Students and Activists: Broader Perspectives

5. “Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide” by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn

Kristof and WuDunn’s book exposes the global crisis of gender-based oppression and demonstrates how empowering women can transform entire societies. Through firsthand stories, the book illustrates both the struggles faced and the innovative solutions capable of driving change, making it relevant for gender rights activists and students globally.

6. “We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families” by Philip Gourevitch

A harrowing account of the Rwandan genocide, this book shines a spotlight on the consequences of indifference and the urgent need for international action in the face of systemic violence. Gourevitch weaves survivor testimonies with historical analysis, urging readers to confront both past atrocities and ongoing injustices.

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Exploring Intersectionality and Contemporary Rights Challenges

7. “Are Prisons Obsolete?” by Angela Y. Davis

Davis, a towering figure in contemporary activism, examines the history and impact of the prison-industrial complex. Her arguments challenge readers to reconsider current systems of punishment and rehabilitation, urging a move toward more equitable and humane alternatives.

8. “No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need” by Naomi Klein

Klein investigates the intersection of politics, economics, and human rights in the modern era. Although focused on recent U.S. events, her analysis is relevant for understanding global trends in populism and rights rollbacks—and for emphasizing the importance of organized resistance.

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Books for Youth and Emerging Advocates

9. “I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban” by Malala Yousafzai

Malala’s memoir, co-written with Christina Lamb, is an inspiring account of a young woman’s fearless fight for girls’ education. It is especially relevant for students, offering a relatable yet compelling perspective on advocacy, courage, and the universal right to education.

10. “This Book Is Anti-Racist” by Tiffany Jewell

Aimed at younger audiences, Jewell’s guide uses accessible language and practical activities to help readers understand and resist systemic racism. This book is a great starting point for those seeking to move from awareness to action in their communities.

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How Reading Drives Effective Advocacy

The impact of essential human rights books for students and activists goes beyond knowledge acquisition. These resources foster empathy, sharpen analytical skills, and provide role models for effective advocacy. By reading narratives from diverse backgrounds and critically examining theoretical frameworks, students and activists become better equipped to identify injustices and influence positive change.

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Where to Start and What to Consider

When selecting books, it’s important to look for:

– Diverse perspectives, including those of marginalized communities
– Historical and contemporary case studies
– Actionable guidance and inspiration for advocacy
– Recommendations from established researchers, activists, and organizations

Libraries, educational websites, and human rights groups often provide curated reading lists and discussions around these influential works.

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Conclusion

The journey to becoming a knowledgeable student or effective activist starts with education—and literature is a powerful tool. By exploring essential human rights books for students and activists, individuals can deepen their understanding of the challenges facing humanity, learn from past movements, and gain the confidence needed to create lasting impact. Whether you are looking for comprehensive histories, personal memoirs, or practical guides, incorporating these books into your learning journey is an investment in a more just world.

Best Books to Read for Understanding Human Rights

Best Books to Read for Understanding Human Rights: Essential Guides for Every Reader

Best books to read for understanding human rights are invaluable resources for anyone seeking to grasp the intricacies of freedom, justice, and dignity in our world. Human rights remain a defining concern of our time—touching issues ranging from free speech and equality to climate justice and migration. Whether you are a student, an activist, a policymaker, or simply a curious reader, choosing the right literature can help deepen your comprehension and inspire positive change.

This article explores some of the most influential, accessible, and thought-provoking books that provide insight into the global struggle for human rights. From historical accounts to personal narratives and academic analyses, these books offer unique perspectives and foster a deeper appreciation for the universal principles that underpin human dignity.

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Why Seek Out the Best Books to Read for Understanding Human Rights?

The concept of human rights has evolved over centuries. Understanding this evolution and the contemporary challenges facing these rights is crucial. The best books to read for understanding human rights do more than inform—they provoke thought and encourage critical examination of how societies succeed or fail in upholding justice. Reading exemplary books on the topic can:

– Illuminate the historical and philosophical foundations of human rights
– Humanize abstract concepts through personal stories
– Offer practical frameworks for advocating and protecting rights
– Broaden perspectives across different cultures and legal systems

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Foundational Texts: Where It All Began

To truly grasp the principles of human rights, it’s essential to start with foundational works.

1. “Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice” by Jack Donnelly

Jack Donnelly’s comprehensive guide is essential for anyone delving into the theoretical underpinnings and global applications of human rights. The book outlines core concepts, systematically addresses political and ideological debates, and analyzes contemporary issues such as economic rights, cultural differences, and state sovereignty.

2. “A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights” by Mary Ann Glendon

This engrossing historical narrative chronicles the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, led by Eleanor Roosevelt and international collaborators. Glendon explores the personalities and politics behind this landmark document, making the story both accessible and vital for understanding how modern human rights norms originated.

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Personal Stories: Human Rights Through Lived Experience

Personal accounts are among the best books to read for understanding human rights because they provide a human face to rights violations and victories.

3. “I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban” by Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai’s memoir is a powerful testament to the universality of human rights. Her fight for girls’ education under threat of violence in Pakistan brought global attention to the right to education and freedom from oppression.

4. “Long Walk to Freedom” by Nelson Mandela

Mandela’s autobiography tells the story of his lifelong struggle against apartheid in South Africa. This captivating book illustrates the enduring consequences of racial oppression and the power of resilience, forgiveness, and collective action to change unjust systems.

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Academic and Policy Perspectives

For readers seeking in-depth analysis and policy context, several texts offer rigorous examinations of contemporary human rights challenges.

5. “The International Human Rights Movement: A History” by Aryeh Neier

Neier, a groundbreaking human rights activist, surveys the development of the modern rights movement, drawing on his experiences at Human Rights Watch and the ACLU. This work is key for understanding the evolution of advocacy, the politics behind the movement, and the dilemmas faced by rights organizations.

6. “Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction” by Andrew Clapham

This concise guide offers an accessible overview of both philosophical and practical dimensions of human rights, ideal for readers new to the subject. Clapham addresses what human rights are, why they exist, and how they are enforced globally.

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Regional and Thematic Focus

The study of human rights benefits from regionally diverse voices and analyses of specific issues.

7. “Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide” by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn

Kristof and WuDunn’s influential book focuses on women’s rights as central to human rights. Through gripping case studies, it highlights both persistent abuses and innovative efforts by activists around the world to secure equality and justice for women.

8. “We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda” by Philip Gourevitch

This harrowing account offers vital insight into the Rwandan genocide and the failure of the international community to prevent atrocity crimes. Gourevitch’s storytelling places the spotlight on survivors and the enduring importance of justice and reconciliation.

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Why Reading Matters for Human Rights

Engaging with the best books to read for understanding human rights empowers readers to confront injustice with knowledge and compassion. Books educate, connect us with others’ struggles, and inspire us to act. Whether you are deepening your expertise or just beginning, these texts offer stimulation and hope for a more just future.

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Expanding Your Human Rights Library

Beyond this list, countless books—novels, historical accounts, policy treatises—explore the vast terrain of human rights. Seek out local authors and texts addressing issues relevant to your region or community for a truly rounded perspective. Additionally, consider engaging with online resources, documentaries, and podcasts to supplement your reading and keep informed about current developments.

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Final Thoughts

Choosing the best books to read for understanding human rights is a personal journey. The books mentioned above are just starting points, offering windows into the past, present, and future of our universal struggle for dignity. By reading widely and thoughtfully, we move closer to building societies that respect and uphold the rights of all.

The Vital Role of VPNs for Human Rights Activists

In the struggle for human rights, activists often face significant risks, including surveillance, censorship, and reprisals from hostile governments or other powerful adversaries. In such environments, maintaining privacy and securing communications can be a matter of personal safety and operational security. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) play a crucial role in safeguarding activists by encrypting their internet traffic and anonymizing their online presence. This article explores the importance of VPNs for human rights activists, how they can be used to circumvent censorship, and the broader implications for free speech and safety.

For human rights activists operating in hostile environments, VPNs are not just tools for bypassing censorship or accessing blocked content; they are essential instruments of safety and freedom. By securing communications and protecting users’ identities, VPNs enable activists to continue their work with a reduced risk of retaliation. However, the choice of VPN must be made carefully to avoid those that might compromise the user’s security. Ultimately, the use of VPNs among human rights activists underscores the broader need for global policies that prioritize and protect internet freedom and privacy as fundamental human rights.

Enhancing Privacy and Anonymity

For human rights activists, the ability to communicate without risking interception is paramount. A VPN provides this by:

1. Encrypting Internet Traffic

VPN technology encrypts data at the source, making it unreadable to anyone who might intercept it. This encryption is crucial not just for protecting the content of communications from government surveillance and interception, but also for securing information against cyber threats and espionage by opposing groups.

2. Masking the IP Address

VPNs hide an individual’s IP address, which is a unique string of numbers that can be used to identify the user’s location and internet service provider. By routing traffic through a server in a different location, activists can obscure their actual geographical location, making it harder for adversaries to track and target them.

Circumventing Censorship

Many governments restrict access to information, either by blocking access to websites or by throttling internet services. VPNs help activists bypass these restrictions, enabling access to a free and open internet.

1. Accessing Blocked Content

By connecting to servers outside their own country, activists can access information and resources that are blocked in their home countries. This is particularly important in authoritarian regimes where access to unbiased news sites, social media, and even tools like messaging apps are restricted.

2. Spreading Awareness

VPNs allow activists to safely share information about human rights abuses with the world. They can upload evidence of governmental abuses or corruption without fear of being blocked or traced by local internet service providers.

Safe Communication

Activists often rely on digital communication tools to organize protests, share legal advice, and coordinate with international organizations. A VPN ensures that these communications remain confidential and secure from interception.

1. Secure Messaging

By encrypting internet traffic, VPNs enhance the security of online messaging services, emails, and other forms of digital communication. This is vital when discussing sensitive or potentially incriminating information.

2. Protecting Sources

For activists who work with vulnerable communities or rely on confidential informants, VPNs provide an additional layer of protection, ensuring that communications cannot be traced back to their sources.

Challenges and Considerations

While VPNs are powerful tools, they are not foolproof and come with certain limitations and risks.

1. VPN Trustworthiness

Not all VPNs are created equal, and the trustworthiness of a VPN provider is crucial. Activists must choose providers that maintain a strict no-logs policy and are based in jurisdictions that respect privacy laws.

2. Sophisticated Surveillance

In countries with advanced surveillance capabilities, VPN use can be detected, though the traffic passing through them remains encrypted. This can potentially flag the user for further scrutiny by authorities.

3. Financial and Technical Accessibility

Access to reliable VPNs often comes at a financial cost, which can be a barrier for activists in low-resource settings. Furthermore, the technical skills required to effectively use VPNs can also be a limiting factor.

The right to housing

The right to housing is recognised in a number of international human rights instruments. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognises the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.[1] It states that:

“ Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. ”
Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.

In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.

The right to housing is also enshrined in Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 16 of the European Social Charter (Article 31 of the Revised European Social charter) and in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt’s 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.

The Yogyakarta Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity affirm that “everyone has the right to adequate housing, including protection from eviction, without discrimination and that States shall a) take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure security of tenure and access to affordable, habitable, accessible, culturally appropriate and safe housing, including shelters and other emergency accommodation, without discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or material or family status; b) take all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to prohibit the execution of evictions that are not in conformity with their international human rights obligations, and ensure that adequate and effective legal or other appropriate remedies are available to any person claiming that a right to protection against forced evictions has been violated or is under threat of violation, including the right to resettlement, which includes the right to alternative land of better or equal quality and to adequate housing, without discrimination.”

References:

OHCHR.org

NESRI

Huntington News – An article on how a free real estate market can work

HREA.ORG

ADDRESSING THE GAP IN AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS

In the past years, African culture has been heavily criticised for not giving due respect to African women. As a matter of fact, many campaigns that sought gender equality have been launched against practices like Female Genital Mutilation and forced early marriage – customs that ultimately negate gender equality. In order to address the said dilemmas in Africa, several policies have been passed to end gender-based discrimination. However, in delving deep into this issue, one must take into account the reality that such practices will not end in a heartbeat. These types of customs that have been practiced by Africans for so long cannot be legislated away within a month or two. Completely eradicating the aforementioned practices require a lot of ingredients such as patience, commitment, active participation, and political will. Moreover, there should be a dialogue between traditional leaders, African human rights organizations, and the entire African community as a whole.

When it comes to discussing African human rights, culture must be always taken into account. This is because culture is the foundation of the development of an entire nation. In order for a country’s culture to survive, it must be encapsulated in everything, especially in human rights. It is for this reason why cultural and civic policies should be merged so that the right methods can be utilized by traditional leaders in keeping their cultural heritage intact without harming any African’s human rights. In this regard, there is no need for an intensified degree of tribalism in Africa because it is very much capable of adopting a more humane and safe way of practicing traditions without the need for torture-based procedures.

“The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is the United Nations’ treaty on women’s rights. Adopted by the General Assembly in 1979, it was the first international treaty to address the fundamental rights of women in politics, health-care, education, economics, employment, law, property and marriage and family relations filling a major gap in international human rights law.” (Purvis, 2012). Under CEDAW’s Article 1, it has been defined what extensive discrimination against women truly is in order to fully establish the importance of women’s human rights and general freedom. In addition to this, under article 7, it has been written that women should also be given the legal rights to hold public office and to vote whenever they wish. Under article 9, it states that women are given equal rights as African men for the purpose of providing them opportunities to establish an independent sense of identity as stakeholders in the African community.

Non-discrimination is something which ought to be basic among human rights in various countries. This is why CEDAW highlights the need for the absence of discrimination not only in the social and political environment but even in the private sphere or the household so as to fill in the gaps in African human rights. Under CEDAW, people are obligated to alter their sexist behaviours that often lead to the degradation of women. With the ongoing fight of African human rights organizations and women’s rights activists, many African women would finally be able to enjoy their human rights as people of Africa to the greatest extent.

 

SOURCES

 

Gawanas, B. (2014). The African Union: Concepts and implementation

mechanisms relating to human rights.

 

Purvis, C. (2012). 15: The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against

Women. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://thinkafricapress.com/international-law-africa/cedaw

BARRIERS TO AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS

Former South African President, Nelson Mandela, once said “To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.” (McHenry, 2013).Whatever a person’s ethnicity, religion, or color is, he is entitled to his human rights without discrimination. Human rights are rights that are inherent to an individual. As what is stated in the Universal Declaration of Human rights, all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights like other people (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, n.d.). Put it simply, every person all across the world have human rights that ought to be acknowledged and respected.

Nelson Mandela is a hero who had successfully managed to debunk the ingrained system of white supremacy in the society for the promotion of the equal practice of all people’s human rights. He is greatly known for abolishing the apartheid and revising human rights during his time.

At present, it is not an unknown fact that there are various barriers to human rights in Africa. These stumbling blocks are not only cultural and religious in nature, but also social and gender-based. Up to this day, violence continues to harm thousands of African women regardless of the economic class they belong in. It has been said that this is one of the fruits of the cultural and social inequalities that seem to subsist between African men and women. Due to the subordinate status of women in Africa, they often experience abuse and violence. To make things worse, such gender discrimination is considered normal by many instead of a serious issue which should be resolved immediately.

The rights a person has to health, physical integrity, life, and to be free from any degrading treatment are all neglected by African healthcare providers and traditional circumcisers who perform Female Genital Mutilation, a discriminatory practice which is currently prevailing in Africa. The reasons as to why there are people who carry out such process can be explained best through the cultural background of Africa. FGM is a cultural practice which many women in Africa experience mostly because of social pressure. They are heavily influenced to conform to such tradition which is often deemed by most African people as a part of the so-called normal growth development of female individuals. This is supported by those traditional individuals who believe that female genital is a body part which is unclean; hence, if it will be removed, females who underwent the said process shall fall under the clean cultural ideal of Africans. While there are those individuals who have decided to consider this as something unimportant and wrong, there are still a lot of Africans today who promote and practice it. It is for this reason why African women’s human rights are still being violated until today.

What ought to be done regarding this matter is to raise the awareness of various Human Rights organizations around Africa that can potentially address the issue through the right and effective approach. In addition, community members should also strive to take into account the roles women play in society in order to value them more and raise their image so as to promote equality and fundamental human rights among African people.

 

SOURCES

McHenry, T. (2013). Carrying on the work of Nelson Mandela. Retrieved December 12,

2014, from http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/05/world/iyw-mandela-charitable-legacy/

Morsink, J. (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, drafting, and

intent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

 

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). What are

Human Rights. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Human rights are highly necessary in attaining an injustice-free society today. Without it, people would not behave according to what is moral and just. Hence, a society which is chaotic and tyrannical might come into existence if people do not have and acknowledge what people today refer to as ‘human rights’.

Despite the fact that African human rights have already been established and revised long ago, it cannot be overlooked how there are still many human rights violations that occur in South Africa up to this point in time. South Africa director, Tiseke Kasambala, once made a powerful statement by saying, “South Africa’s constitution provides strong protection for human rights and yet people are being attacked because of their sexual orientation or perceived refugee or migrant status. To make matters worse, the government is supporting legislation that would curb the rights to freedom of information and expression.” (Human Rights Watch, 2014). While it is true that South Africa has played a massive role in enhancing the LGBT community’s human rights over the years, it cannot be denied how the said country had still failed to manage and resolve the widespread abuse and violence being experienced by lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders in the country. In addition, South Africa had also not been able to address the grave violations to African people abroad. It can be recalled that back in 2011, a South African protester named Andries Tatane was killed by the police during a service delivery protest. All Andries did was practice his constitutional right to free expression, and yet he suffered from police violence and died because of police brutality. According to Deputy Secretary-General Eliasson, the issues currently prevailing in Africa involving police violence reveal the true need of the African community for a just enforcement of laws in the continent so as to observe each African’s human rights. Melissa Fleming, UNHCR’s spokesperson, also revealed that the rate of human rights violations in the Central African Republic is constantly increasing due to the looting, extortion, and physical assaults done by armed men in the area.

Evidently, countries in Africa are still having a rough time with the outcome of the post revolution. Many still lack organization and harmony among its citizens and government leaders. Most likely, the best way to address the human rights violations constantly occurring in South Africa and the Central African Republic is to map out an effective and appropriate governmental plan which would take into account not only the government’s sentiments and agendas but also that of the people, including African activists who would like their sentiments to be heard. On a wider scale, in order for Africa to make democratic advances for the welfare and overall betterment of the continent, stakeholders must make stronger commitments to the issues that involve African human rights. This can be done by a strict monitoring and efficient follow-up process initiated by the African commission in the different countries in the continent. In line with this, United Nations also aims to implement a set of human rights initiatives for Africans in the next years in order to improve the status of equality and justice in African countries.

 

SOURCES

Human Rights Watch. (2014). South Africa: Mixed Year for Human Rights | Human

Rights Watch. Retrieved December 6, 2014, from http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/south-africa-mixed-year-human-rights

 

Salira. M. (2014). African Human Rights Need More Commitment. Retrieved December

6, 2014, from http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/38574-african-human-rights-need-more-commitment

 

UN to promote human rights for African people. (2014). Retrieved December 9, 2014,

from http://gulftoday.ae/portal/09b5708c-416e-4b2f-a1f1-1f9ca38456e2.aspx